Legal Terms Every Law Student Should Know (and Actually Remember)

A glossary to help you through your 1st year of law school

Starting law school feels a lot like learning a new language — one that’s a third English, a third Latin, and a third gibberish your professor made up because they enjoy seeing that deer-in-headlights look.

If you’ve ever sat in class wondering whether certiorari is a spell from Harry Potter, you’re not alone. That’s why we pulled together this glossary of common legal terms every law student should know (and remember).

Think of it like a survival guide for 1L: plain-English definitions, quick examples, and a little humor to keep you awake.

Latin terms you’ll hear constantly (and pretend you understand)

Ad hoc
“For this purpose only.” Example: Your professor creates an ad hoc rule banning Hydro Flasks after you drop yours in class for the third time.

Amicus curiae
“Friend of the court.” Not an actual friend of the judge, but someone (usually an organization) who gives input on a case they’re not directly involved in.

Arguendo
"For the sake of argument.” Example: Arguendo, let’s assume you actually like reading Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad.

Bona fide
“In good faith.” It means genuine, real, or sincere — without fraud, deceit, or pretending. Lawyers use it to describe something that’s legitimate. Example: A bona fide purchaser is someone who buys property honestly, without knowing about any problems (like hidden liens).

Caveat emptor
“Let the buyer beware.” The legal way of saying: If you didn’t check whether that “all you can eat” sushi place had a recent health inspection, that’s on you.

Certiorari
“To be informed of.” Fancy name for asking the Supreme Court to review your case. Bonus: everyone pronounces it differently.

De facto
“In fact, in reality.” Example: That one student who always answers first is the de facto gunner.

Habeas corpus
“You have the body.” It means the government has to bring a detained person to court and justify the detention.

Ipso facto
“By the fact itself.” Example: Missing your Civil Procedure outline doesn’t ipso facto mean you’ll fail — but it doesn’t help.

Prima facie
“At first glance.” If you’ve got enough evidence to win unless the other side rebuts it, you’ve made a prima facie case.

Quantum meruit
“As much as it’s worth.” It’s a principle used when someone provides goods or services without a formal contract, and the law says they should be paid fair value to avoid unjust enrichment. Example: If a contractor builds half your deck before the project is canceled, they can sue for quantum meruit to recover the value of the work already done.

Stare decisis
“To stand by things decided.” Courts usually follow precedent — unless they don’t, and then your professor will cold-call you to explain why.

Courtroom basics (words you’ll see in cases and hear on TV dramas)

Action
Lawyer shorthand for a lawsuit.

Affirmative defense
“Yes, I did it, but here’s why I shouldn’t be liable.” Think: self-defense in a bar fight.

Answer
The defendant’s official response to a complaint. (Not to be confused with the panicked mumbling you give when cold-called.)

Complaint
The document that kicks off a civil lawsuit. Example: “The plaintiff complains that the neighbor’s rooster crows at 3 a.m.”

Demurrer
Old-school objection saying, “Even if everything you allege is true, it’s not legally enough.” The legal equivalent of “So what?”

Dicta
Extra commentary from a judge that isn’t binding but makes for great exam fodder.

Holding
The court’s actual decision on the legal issue. Example: The holding in Palsgraf wasn’t “don’t stand near fireworks” — it was about the limits of duty.

Injunction
A court order to stop (or sometimes start) doing something. Example: a judge telling your roommate to stop playing “Love Story” on repeat.

Interlocutory
A temporary or non-final order. Example: The judge lets discovery move forward but hasn’t ruled on the big issue yet — that’s interlocutory.

Judgment
The court’s final decision. Hopefully in your favor.

Motion
A request asking the court to do something — like dismiss a case or give you more time.

Order
The judge’s ruling on that motion.

Reasonable person
The imaginary gold standard of how an average, sensible person would act.

Property and contracts (where latin really loves to hang out)

Abut
To border something. Your property abuts your neighbor’s — which is why you’re now fighting about the fence.

Chattel
Moveable property. Your couch = chattel. Your house = not.

Consideration
What each party gives in a contract. Example: You promise to paint a fence, I promise to pay you. That’s consideration. (Cue your professor asking about peppercorns.)

Grantee
The person receiving property in a transfer. Example: If your grandma deeds you her house, you’re the grantee.

Grantor
The person transferring the property. Grandma, in the same example, is the grantor.

Intestate
When someone dies without a will. The state, not the family, decides who gets Aunt Edna’s vintage Beanie Babies.

Lis pendens
A notice that property is subject to litigation. Basically, “Don’t buy this land — there’s a lawsuit attached.”

Parol evidence rule
Oral agreements can’t contradict a written contract. That “handshake promise” won’t help you when the lease says no pets.

Seisin
Old feudal term meaning legal possession of land. Not used much today, but still lurking in casebooks.

Usufruct
The right to use someone else’s property and enjoy its benefits, without owning it. Usufruct! — sounds like a curse word, but it’s really just the legal way of saying you’re borrowing your roommate’s Netflix password.

Torts & damages (a.k.a. personal injury buzzwords)

Damages
Money awarded to someone harmed. Example: You spill coffee on yourself, sue McDonald’s, and suddenly everyone in your class has opinions about tort reform.

Equity
Fairness rules that fill in when the strict law falls short.

Negligence
Failing to act with reasonable care. Like texting while driving your electric scooter.

Proximate cause
The legal cause of harm. If you run a red light and hit another car, your negligence is the proximate cause of the accident.

Res ipsa loquitur
“The thing speaks for itself.” If a piano falls out of the sky, we can probably assume negligence without direct proof.

Citations, codes & casebooks (the nerdy stuff)

Advance sheet
Temporary book of new cases before they’re bound into reporters. Think “legal beta version.”

Annotated code
Statutes plus references to cases and commentary.

Bluebook
The bane of every 1L’s existence: a giant citation manual with more rules than the IRS.

CFR (Code of Federal Regulations)
Where all the federal agency rules live.

F, F.2d, and F.3d
The Federal Reporter series — where opinions of the federal appellate courts are published. Think of them as “season one, two, and three” of case law.

F. Supp.
The Federal Supplement — where federal district court opinions live. Basically the prequel series to the Federal Reporter.

Headnotes
Those handy little summaries at the top of published cases that make you feel like you’ve read the whole opinion (until your professor proves you haven’t).

Reporter
Books (or databases) where court opinions are published.

USC (United States Code)
All the federal statutes organized by subject.

Uniform laws
Model laws suggested to states, like the UCC for commercial transactions.

Law school slang (because you need to know the lingo)

Cold call
When your professor decides to ask you to explain Pennoyer v. Neff at 8 a.m.

Gunner
That student who always has their hand up. You know the one.

Hornbook
Student-friendly textbook that actually explains the law, unlike your casebook.

Issue spotter
The type of exam where the professor hides 25 legal issues in a single fact pattern and you have to find them all in four hours.

Legalese
Lawyer-speak that makes contracts unreadable to normal humans.

Outline
Your condensed study notes — the holy grail of 1L.

Socratic method
Professors asking relentless questions instead of lecturing. Law school hazing at its finest.

Bonus: extra terms you’ll want in your back pocket

• Burden of proof – Who has to prove what in a case.
• Mens rea – “Guilty mind”; criminal intent.
• Actus reus – The act itself in a crime.
• Ex parte – A hearing with only one party present.
• Precedent – Prior case law that guides new cases.
• Majority rule – What most jurisdictions follow.
• Minority rule – The exception that may show up on your exam.
• Remand – When an appellate court sends a case back to the lower court.
• Standing – Whether a party has the right to sue in the first place.
• Statute of limitations – The legal time limit to bring a case.
• Voir dire – Jury selection.

This glossary isn’t everything you’ll need, but it should give you a running start. Law school is full of strange words, and half the battle is not panicking when you hear them.

Looking for more information to help guide you through your law school experience? Check out the Enjuris student center.